Fieldwork Report: Riley Stockton

Digging Dirt in Cyprus

Riley Stockton, 2024 P.E. MacAllister Fieldwork Scholarship Recipient

This summer, I had the opportunity to participate in the Vigla Archaeological Field School, a sub-project of the Pyla-Koutsopetria Archaeological Project, based in Pyla, Cyprus. These excavations help to gain information about the history and exchange between Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean. The site was a military fortification from the Hellenistic period. The main purpose of excavation in this site is to better understand the purpose of this fortification site and its structures during this period. From the previous findings, it has been determined as a fortification site, but more information is still to be found on the daily life and activities of Vigla, as well as the previous structures that existed there. This experience was my first archaeological dig which was a truly unforgettable experience that deepened my understanding of the field.

Before this dig, my mental image of archaeology was somewhat stereotypical, but now, pottery sherds and layers of soil are what immediately come to mind. I never imagined I’d find myself sweeping dirt off of dirt or using a Munsell book to precisely match shades of soil, yet these became daily routines.

Me using the Munsell book for the first time.

At the dig, along with two other students, I excavated a trench from start to finish, which gave me a comprehensive understanding of the archaeological process. This included the paperwork, the specific excavation techniques applied at different stages, and the importance of understanding the context of artifacts and their surrounding environment.

One of the techniques I learned was photogrammetry, a process that involves taking a series of photographs to create a detailed 3D model of the area. In the trench where I worked, we uncovered two distinct pottery deposits on separate floor surfaces. After carefully excavating around the artifacts, my peers and I meticulously cleared the surrounding area to ensure the best possible images could be captured. One of our project directors, Dr. Brandon Olson, then photographed the trench from every angle to build the 3D model.

My two trench mates, Mason Ross and Laila Maidenberg, cleaning up around the pottery deposit.

Photogrammetry presented its own set of challenges, particularly with lighting. We could only take the necessary photos early in the morning when we arrived at 5:30 a.m. or when the sun was directly overhead. On one occasion, we had to rush to complete the process before the British military began their exercises at 7:30 a.m., as the site is located within a British military base. With the clock ticking, we managed to finish just in time, pack up, and evacuate the area.

Another time, as we prepared for photogrammetry, we noticed a thick wall of fog rolling in. We scrambled to clean the trench and take the necessary photos before the fog obscured the area. It was a race against nature so we could keep on digging.

Very foggy morning, Dr. Brandon Olson getting the pictures done for the photogrammetry just in time.

All in all, we managed to capture the necessary photographs despite the challenges we faced along the way. My trench mates and I, all first-time diggers, began and completed our trench together in just one month. The early mornings and relentless heat were tough, but I’m incredibly proud of the work we accomplished and deeply grateful for the unforgettable experience. A special thanks to ASOR and its donors for providing me with the opportunity to participate in this dig—I couldn’t have done it without their support.

For more information about the Vigla Archaeological Field School visit here.

Me, Mason Ross, and Laila Maidenberg on the last day in our completed trench!

Riley Stockton is a junior at Reed College where she majors in Greek, Latin, and Ancient Mediterranean studies with a concentration in history and archaeology.

Read about other student experiences on the Vigla Archaeological Project here.

Want to help more students and early career archaeologists get into the field? Donate to the cause today by selecting “Fieldwork Scholarships” as your gift purpose!

March Fellowship Madness 2025 — In Our 125th Year!

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March Fellowship Madness 2025 — In Our 125th Year!

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Thank you to everyone who was part of ASOR’s 2025 March Fellowship Madness. Your generous donations raised $4,725 this year and ASOR can now fund 2 additional fieldwork scholarships.

Each year, ASOR sponsors many Fieldwork Scholarships for students and volunteers to take part in ASOR-affiliated projects. With your help, we aim to raise $6,000 to send three more students into the field during Summer 2025. Right now, ASOR is able to award 47 fieldwork scholarships in 2025 and with your help, we’ll make it to 50!

We’re looking forward to celebrating our 125th anniversary with you and planning the future (hopefully another 125 years at least!) to provide a bright future for the next generations of archaeologists.

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ASOR provides these scholarships with your partnership. You are enabling ASOR to establish new scholarships and grants through endowed funds, but your annual support (i.e., gifts this year) will allow ASOR to send more eager students and early career scholars into the field. Please support archaeology’s next generation by making a gift today and selecting “Fieldwork Scholarships” as the designation for your gift. You may also make a designated gift by choosing any category from the drop-down menu on the donations module.

[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner css=”.vc_custom_1706024108985{padding-right: 10px !important;}”][vc_column_text]The past 125 years owe so much to our generous members; even a small donation of just $10 adds up to make a big difference. 100% of your gift will go toward Fieldwork Scholarships for students. Keep track of our March Fellowship Madness 2025 donation progress here — with each $1,000 donated, we’ll excavate more of the ASOR jar![/vc_column_text][vc_wp_text][/vc_wp_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][vc_column border_color=”rgba(170,170,170,0.01)” width=”1/6″ css=”.vc_custom_1496684098866{margin-right: 5px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-right: 10px !important;padding-left: 10px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-right-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;border-bottom-color: rgba(227,228,228,0.75) !important;}”][vc_wp_posts title=”BROWSE THE NEWS ARCHIVE” number=”4″][vc_widget_sidebar sidebar_id=”ca-sidebar-99363″][/vc_column][/vc_row]

Fieldwork Report: Sarah “Gigi” Konecki-Brazeal

Clouds and the landscapes of Antiochia ad Cragum in Turkey

Archaeology: A Deeply Human Endeavor

Sarah “Gigi” Konecki-Brazeal, 2024 P.E. MacAllister Fieldwork Scholarship Recipient 

First surveyed in the 60s and left untouched for decades, Antiochia ad Cragum is a first-century Roman city founded by Antiochus IV of Commagene around 44 CE. Perched on the “cragus” roughly 300M above the Mediterranean, the city has yielded many great finds over the past 20 years, including two bathing complexes and a plethora of questions about the evolution of this city from a bustling polis to a site of extensive industry. At some point in this city’s lifespan, many of the buildings, including both bath complexes, were converted to industry. Evidence of wine and oil production, as well as ceramic, glass, and metal production, have been found throughout the site.

A view of the Mediterranean from Antiochia ad Cragum.

Excavations began on the Small Bath in 2018 and will continue for the foreseeable future. This type of bath is known as a hall bath and might be a bit unfamiliar to those already versed in Roman bathing complexes. The architecture of the bath situates a great hall with mosaiced floors through the center of the building with tepidaria (cold rooms) and caldaria (hot rooms) on either side. The hall leads to a large wading pool on the west end of the complex, and the building itself has one main entrance on the east end. To date, three frigidaria and one caldarium have been excavated. In addition, the cistern for the bathing complex was uncovered entirely during the 2023 and 2024 seasons. It is suspected that two more caldaria exist along the southern side of the complex, and there is the hope of locating the praefurnium there as well.

Me, perched on a rock digging in an area precariously peppered with finds. A great way to avoid artifact breakage!

In the summer of 2022, I came to Antiochia ad Cragum as an undergrad, looking to fulfill my field school requirement and find out if I had what it took to work in the field of archaeology. I was sent to the small bath to work under the direction of Dr. Leticia Rodriguez, and I had no idea what to expect. It was A LOT of digging, and A LOT of giant rocks, and A LOT of wheelbarrows. In the second week Dr. Rodriguez decided to open up Frigidarium 4 on the westside of the Small Bath and asked for volunteers. Frigidarium 4 was almost entirely full of fill that had washed down the mountainside and into the now roofless room. It looked like an impossible task, and nobody really wanted to start at the beginning again, especially when the trenches that had been opened the previous week were starting to look like something. So naturally, I volunteered. Again, it was nothing but dirt and large rocks which had fallen from the wall or ceiling. It was hot, it was dirty, my legs and arms felt like noodles at the end of the day…and I couldn’t wait to go back.

Frigidarium 4 at the end of the 2024 season

What should have taken a couple of weeks to clear and document has now taken us three seasons to uncover, with no sign of a floor at the end of the 2024 season. Since removing surface fill, Frigidarium 4 has yielded many spectacular finds owing to its conversion to a trash pit sometime (we think) in the fifth century. They say you can learn much about a man by going through his trash, and I agree. Everything these people were doing, using, making, participating in, and ultimately discarding have been found in my trench. We have learned so much about what these people were doing and what they found valuable by examining the findings from Frigidarium 4. Detritus from industry, personal items, evidence of what people ate, and the animals they raised – not only for food but for textile production – have all been found in Frigidarium 4, which still has more to tell us.

Digging a sondage in a last-ditch effort to locate the floor before covering Frigidarium 4 up for the off season.

The connection one feels to the people of the past when finding and carefully preserving their once-lost history isn’t easy to put into words, but it keeps me coming back year after year. Every season, we get a little closer to uncovering these peoples’ stories and piecing together the lives of those who were, up until now, forgotten. There is a beauty in unearthing something that once sat in the hands of a person over 1500 years ago, a strange intimacy with someone whose name you can never know and whose face you will never see. Additionally, there is an overwhelming sense of civic duty that comes with uncovering these items and sending them home to a conservation lab or museum where they will find new life. These things belonged to people once, and those people have been forgotten. But with our work in Antiochia ad Cragum, they live again, and the Turkish people reclaim a piece of their heritage that they may not have realized they’d lost.

Ultimately, archaeology is a profoundly human endeavor that contributes to a sense of connection: connection to our past and to each other. A connection that bridges borders, cultures, and time. A connection that I hope, brings us all closer to one another on the most fundamental of levels.

The humans of the Small Bath 2024.

Sarah “Gigi” Konecki-Brazeal is a graduate student at Arizona State University studying Art History, Archaeology, and Studio Art. She is a practicing artist who merges her artistic work with her academic research. In addition to being a trench supervisor and field assistant and Antiochia ad Cragum, Gigi also works as an illustrator and lithic analyst for the Bandafassi Regional Archeological Project. She plans to write her dissertation on ancient tattooing practices and go on to teach at the university level while continuing her fieldwork in Turkey and beyond.

Learn more about the Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project here. 

Want to help more students and early career archaeologists get into the field? Donate to the cause today by selecting “Fieldwork Scholarships” as your gift purpose!

ECS Research in Action: Rennan Lemos

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Early Career Scholars Research in Action: Rennan Lemos

Archaeology Under Fire: The History of Sudan Between Water and War

Join ASOR’s Early Career Scholars on April 4, 2025 at 12:00pm ET via Zoom for a virtual Research in Action talk from Dr. Rennan Lemos about cultural heritage in Sudan.

Abstract: The history of archaeology in northern Sudan is, to a large extent, a history of salvage excavations. Successive dam projects in Lower Nubia have posed a tremendous threat to the region’s archaeology, resulting in significant losses but also producing one of the most comprehensive records of archaeological heritage in a single area. Drawing on archival materials and recent fieldwork, this talk will explore how Sudan’s archaeological heritage has been endangered—first by the flooding of Lower Nubia and now by war—and how a history of major threats has shaped the region’s heritage.

Presenter: Rennan Lemos teaches Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology at the University of Cambridge. He co-directs the Djehutyhotep Project and is assistant director of the Sanam Temple Project in Sudan. In 2024, he was a recipient of the Annual Prize “à la mémoire de Jean Leclant”, awarded by the Michela Schiff Giorgini Foundation.

The event, a part of our “Research in Action” series, is FREE for the ASOR community, but registration is required.

Harris Grant Report: Menorca Archaeological Project

2024 Harris Grant Report: Menorca Archaeological Project (MAP), Spain

Alexander Smith, SUNY-Brockport

The Menorca Archaeological Project (MAP) received the 2024 Charles Harris Project Grant for their ongoing work at the site of Torre d’en Galmés in Menorca, Spain. MAP was established in 2020 as a project dedicated to the lesser-known histories of the island of Menorca, including the medieval Islamic period from the 10th to 13th centuries C.E. Since 2020, MAP’s team has been excavating a series of medieval houses at the site of Torre d’en Galmés. Although known for megalithic Iron Age houses, monuments, and ceremonial centers, the site was also settled from the 11th to 13th centuries as part of an influx of Muslim groups from Mallorca and mainland Iberia. These people set up an alquería or rural farming village at the site until their forced removal by the Kingdom of Aragon in 1287 C.E.

Drone footage of Galmés. Excavation of SPU 7 in the bottom right corner, north is to the right. Photo credit J. Deya
Drone footage of Galmés. Excavation of SPU 7 in the bottom right corner, north is to the right. Photo credit J. Deya
Torre d'en Galmés facing north. Photo credit J. Deya
Torre d'en Galmés facing north. Photo credit J. Deya

In 2024 with the generous support of ASOR and the Harris Grant, the MAP team focused on the excavation of SPU or Spatial Unit 7, which is a large medieval house complex. Measuring at over 200 square meters with at least four distinctive rooms and a central patio, the house has proven to be one of the largest rural examples yet encountered on Menorca. As part of our excavation campaign, the team discovered a wealth of information on the daily life of the Muslim medieval residents of Torre d’en Galmés, including consumptive patterns and spatial arrangements of the house that reflect trends seen on Mallorca and the mainland.

Drone photo of SPU 7 at the end of excavation. Photo credit J. Deya
Drone photo of SPU 7 at the end of excavation. Photo credit J. Deya
Kathleen Forste managing flotation samples in lab. Photo credit A. Smith
Kathleen Forste managing flotation samples in lab. Photo credit A. Smith
The team midway through the season. Photo credit A. Smith
The team midway through the season. Photo credit A. Smith

Over the course of four weeks, our team cleared the SPU 7 area of over 30 metric tons of stone, outlined architectural features and room boundaries to further our understanding of the complex’s shape, and excavated areas of the central patio for micro-environmental sampling. The team took paleobotanical and phytolith samples through out the complex to reconstruct work and cooking spaces of the house.

Jose Maria Moreno Narganes moving stones in SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez
Jose Maria Moreno Narganes moving stones in SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez
Kathleen Forste and Marta Blanco Noel excavating in the patio of SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez
Kathleen Forste and Marta Blanco Noel excavating in the patio of SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez
The crew taking a break next to SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez
The crew taking a break next to SPU 7. Photo credit A. Pérez-Juez

The highlight of the 2024 season came in the last days of excavation with the discovery of a preserved room in the northern section of the house structure. In 2023, the entrance to the area was thought to be the threshold of an outer door, but upon further excavation this past summer, we discovered a room with a clear roof collapse deposit and what we hope will be well-preserved stratigraphy underneath. We were able to recover intact roof tiles with mortar attached, as well as promising indications of material culture beneath. We will return to the space in 2025 to excavate and sample the space thoroughly.

Newly found room with roof collapse. Photo credit A. Smith
Newly found room with roof collapse. Photo credit A. Smith
Roof tile and mortar excavated in the newly found room. Photo credit A. Smith
Roof tile and mortar excavated in the newly found room. Photo credit A. Smith

The future of MAP is currently centered on the completion of the SPU 7 complex excavation, which is changing our understanding of Torre d’en Galmés, as well as medieval settlement and domestic complexity in the rural spaces of Menorca more generally. What we once thought were relatively simple, standalone dwellings repurposed from a long-abandoned Iron Age site, have turned into a complex arrangement of interrelated structures that showcase a large agricultural village with indications of urban planning and impressive family compounds. In 2025, we will return to complete our analyses of SPU 7 and will move to publication and museum exhibition of our findings on Menorca in subsequent years.

The team during our Open Doors Day for the public. Photo credit A. Smith
Menorca Archaeological Project team at Torre d'en Galmes in 2024. Photo credit A. Smith
Our Open Doors Day for the Public celebration. Photo credit J. Deya
Our Open Doors Day for the Public celebration. Photo credit J. Deya

Learn more about the Menorca Archaeological Project (MAP) on their website or their Instagram!

ARS 31: Humayma Excavation Project 3

Archaeological Reports Series 31: Humayma Excavation Project, 3

Humayma Excavation Project, 3: The Roman Fort

ed. by John Peter Oleson

Authors:  John Peter Oleson, Erik De Bruijn, M. Barbara Reeves, Andrew N. Sherwood, Craig A. Harvey, Yvonne Gerber, and Milorad Nikolic with contributions from Gregory S. Baker, Emily Deeb, Lindsay Holman, Janet Jones, Derek Klapecki, Kelsey Koon, Jennifer Ramsay, Tiffany Rawlings, and David S. Reese.

This two-volume set of the third publication in the Humayma Excavation Project presents the most thorough excavation report and analysis of a Roman frontier fort yet published. Humayma, ancient Hawar or Hawara, began life as a small Nabataean settlement in the Hisma desert of Southern Jordan, 80 km south of Petra. Soon after the Roman conquest of the Nabataean kingdom in 106 CE, the town was incorporated into the new Provincia Arabia as Hauarra, and a fort was built on the slope above the original settlement. Hauarra flourished through the Byzantine period and in the late seventh century was purchased by the Abbasid family, which built an elaborately frescoed manor house and mosque. Henceforth known as al-Humayma, the town withered away after the Abbasids moved to Iraq in 749 and led the revolt against the Umayyad caliphate.

Oleson began excavation in the fort with a small probe in 1987, followed by 10 seasons of extensive excavation and geophysical survey between 1993 and 2005, and a follow-up campaign by Reeves in 2012. The excavations provided important new information about the process of the Trajanic conquest of the Nabataean kingdom, the development of Roman military fortification design, the organization of the southern portion of the Provincia Arabia and adjacent frontier of the empire, and relations between Nabataean town dwellers and their Roman occupiers from the second through the fifth centuries. 

ASOR Archaeological Reports, Volume 31, Series Editor Jennie Ebeling, December 2024, 2 volumes, 1080 pages (468 b/w figs, 16 tbls & 24 col pls.), ISBN 9780897571241, $169.95.

Special Offer for ASOR Members

ASOR members (with a mailing address in the USA) can purchase the 2-volume set of ARS 31 at the discounted price of $60.00 (70% discount + $10.00 US media mail shipping)while supplies last. Purchases are restricted to one volume per member. We are unable to offer this discount to members without a US mailing address due to international shipping costs, but you can purchase and ship a copy through the ISD link below. Please contact programs@asor.org with any questions. Click here to purchase your discounted copy in ASOR’s online store.

Available from ISD — Distributor of Scholarly Books
www.isdistribution.com

Fieldwork Report: Daniele Moscone

Studying Chipped Stones and Sampling Knappable Rocks Along the Zagros Hilly Flanks

Daniele Moscone, 2024 P.E. MacAllister Fieldwork Scholarship Recipient

The piedmont of northern Iraq’s Zagros Mountains has long fascinated scholars due to its remarkable archaeological potential and favorable conditions for ancient human settlement. Pioneering research by D. Garrod in 1928 and R.J. Braidwood in 1947 uncovered traces of the last hunther-gatherer societies and among the earliest evidence of sedentism and food production strategies in southwest Asia, through the excavation of sites of great importance, including Palegawra, Zarzi Cave, and Charmo.

Given the historical background, I was deeply excited when Prof. S. Renette invited me to join his team to study the chipped stone assemblages from previous excavation seasons in Kani Shaie (Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq). Since 2012, the Kani Shaie Archaeological Project (KSAP) has been investigating the well-preserved archaeological sequence at the homonymous mound which spans from the Late Neolithic (ca. 7000 BCE) to the Early Islamic (ca. 1200 CE). The ultimate goal is to understand the ancient inhabitants’ lifestyles, mobility, and sociocultural connections with both the Mesopotamian plain and mountains of this vast and diverse area across millennia. The current stage of this interdisciplinary research focuses on the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE, which were transformative periods distinguished by the establishment of social inequality, bureaucracy, monumental architecture, complex settlement patterns, long-distance trade and exchange, and ultimately the rise of the first urban societies.

The survey team while standing on the right bank of the Lesser Zab River.

With the generous support of the P.E. MacAllister Fieldwork Scholarship, I was finally able to engage in an archaeological project in the Sulaymaniyah Region for the first time, although having long worked in the macro-region. One of the most enriching aspects of working within the KSAP team was the chance to interact with a diverse and open-minded group composed by both experienced and young researchers. Through these interactions, I was able to exchange knowledge, ideas, and perspectives. Additionally, amidst the exciting discoveries and intensive work, I had the pleasure of forming new friendships.

An example of intermontane rocky landscape cut by a river.
Recording observations on the collected geological samples and drawing sketch profiles of the geological formations interested by the sampling.

The first part of my work took place at the expedition house and was focused on the analysis of the chipped stone collections from key periods, including Ubaid, Late Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age. I conducted a technological analysis of the artifacts, addressing crucial questions: how the artifacts were produced? What techniques and methods were used? Which raw materials were chosen? Do we observe significant changes in these practices throughout different settlement phases?

Thanks to the Fieldwork Scholarship, the completion of the second phase of the intended work was also made possible. A small team was assembled for the purpose of conducting extensive surveys aimed at comprehending, for the first time, the regional availability of raw materials suitable for crafting stone tools. During a four-day survey, our team – consisting of an expert archaeologist from the Directorate of Antiquities of Sulaymaniyah and a driver – explored a diverse and fascinating landscape: this included the Bazyan plain with its alluvial and rocky hills, steep mountainsides with narrow valleys carved by small rivers, and limestone walls with many caves and rock shelters. Significant stretches of the two major river courses, the Lesser Zab and Tanjero River, potential sources of raw materials, were also explored. This stage resulted in the identification of multiple candidate geosites, which were then systematically sampled. The most significant sampled raw material was chert, a siliceous sedimentary rock extensively available on earth and
selected since early prehistory to produce stone tools due to its very good fracture qualities.

Sampling fluvial-transported chert pebbles along the ancient terraces of the Tanjero River. In the background it is possible to note the hilly morphology of the Tanjero Formation, from which the river erodes and transports part of the fragments.

Our field prospections preliminary results are exciting since we encountered many distinct varieties of chert, well mirroring the variability observed at the archaeological site of Kani Shaie. Future studies using scientific methods (e.g., macroscopic, petrographic, and geochemical analyses) will compare selected archaeological artifacts and geological samples to identify sources or procurement areas exploited by the prehistoric communities settled at Kani Shaie. As a result, I hope that my beneficial collaboration with the KSAP team will continue over time and contribute to their broader research questions. Another long-term goal is to create an open-access repository of these findings and welcome participation and inputs from colleagues and scholars interested in prehistoric lithic raw material procurement in the region.

For more information about the Kani Shaie Archaeological Project (KSAP) visit here.

Work in the KSAP expedition house: field data are stored in a database and the geological samples are cleaned, counted, labelled and packed.

Daniele Moscone is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology and ROOTS Cluster of Excellence (CAU Kiel), where he focuses on the prehistory of southwest Asia, in particular the Zagros Mountains. Previously a postdoctoral fellow at the Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) of Koç University, he earned his PhD at Sapienza University of Rome, specializing on chipped stone artifacts and raw material analyses. You can find Daniele Moscone on Bluesky @mosdann.bsky.social

ASOR is now accepting applications for 2025 Fieldwork Participation Scholarships. Learn how to apply here.

Want to help more students and early career archaeologists get into the field? Donate to the cause today by selecting “Fieldwork Scholarships” as your gift purpose!

 

Fieldwork Report: Claire Hook

Living it up in the Archaeology Lab

Claire Hook, 2024 Katherine Barton Platt Fellowship Recipient

While working on the Brač Island Project on a beautiful island in Croatia, the team got to excavate our hillfort site, Gradina Rat. At the same time, we were learning about what was being excavated during the project because of our work in the lab to identify and document the artifacts being uncovered.

Our last drive to site featuring a rainbow perfectly over Gradina Rat where we were excavating.

Although a large part of archaeology is the excavation, understanding what was happening in the past at a site comes from identifying and analyzing the artifacts and doing additional research in the lab. My role this season was the lab assistant, so I was able to spend some days out on site, but a majority of my time was spent helping Dr. Sarah James in the lab working directly with the ceramic assemblage.

The excavation crew at site after our morning excavations. I am on the far right.

There were four main tasks that I helped to complete throughout the season to
keep everything running smoothly and figure out what was happening within each context of finds.

The first part of the lab work was pottery washing.

The ceramic assemblage from one context all laid out to dry after being washed.

Everyone who participated in the project helped with washing the ceramic finds so that any designs and colors could be more easily seen once the dirt was scrubbed away and so the artifacts remained clean. We washed the pottery that was brought down from the site every day—unless it was raining so badly that we couldn’t be outside—so that we could keep up with all the finds that were excavated.

The next step in lab work was artifact reading where we would record as much precursory information about the artifacts as possible. We recorded each artifact into the database alongside their context numbers to give a sense for the assemblage throughout the contexts. For the ceramic sherds, the team would partner with Dr. James and Dr. Barbarič to record the identifiable sherds from each context and give them a preliminary vessel shape and date range. I would also take counts and weights of the three main categories of ceramic vessels: table, cooking, and coarse ware. Knowing the types of ceramics being used on site was helpful for recognizing that this was not a domestic settlement and that something far more interesting was happening at this site.

After the ceramic pieces were read into the database, the pieces that required more research to identify or that could give new information about the assemblage were catalogued. A lot of my time in the lab was spent cataloguing pottery sherds. One goal we achieved for this season was to finish cataloguing the artifacts discovered in previous seasons and to work through as many sherds from this season as possible. Cataloguing included taking the dimension and weight of each sherd and describing the texture of the surface, the strength of the firing technique, the interior color and inclusions of the clay (also known as the fabric of a vessel), and any exterior decorations. After detailing the specific piece, I would research comparable shapes and decorations from other authors to help verify the classification of the shape, origins, and date of the original vessel. With this information, we were able to get a clearer sense of the activities and uses of the ceramics at Gradina Rat and how the people living on Brač were connecting with traders from other countries.

Two joining sherds of Italian Matt Painted Imported Ware from the 4th to 6th c. BCE.

The last piece of lab work was photographing some of the especially important finds to have clear photos of special artifacts, the ranges of imported vessels, and the common local vessels. Having these photos will allow other scholars to work with the artifacts found at this site and will aid in visually accompanying any research written about this site. Our set up was simple yet effective. I only occasionally had to carefully hide clay supports to help get certain angles of the pieces.

Lab work in action to photograph one of the ceramic sherds.

At the very end of the day, we would all gather down at the beach to watch the sunset after everyone finished their afternoon tasks, and sometimes we’d jump into the magical waters of the Adriatic and theorize about what exactly the ancient people were doing up on that hill.

Swimming at sunset after a hard day’s work in the field and in the lab.

Claire Hook just graduated with a Masters of Classical Art and Archaeology from the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research interests are in the responses and treatment of child mortality in Ancient Greece, and the ceramic assemblages that accompany them. 

ASOR is now accepting applications for 2025 Fieldwork Participation Scholarships. Learn how to apply here. 

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Collections Fellowship Report: Holly Winter

2024 Collections Fellowship Report: The Land Behind Aleppo: Urban Life and State Formation in Bronze Age Syria

Holly Winter, University of Sydney

Thanks to an ASOR Study of Collections Fellowship, I was able to spend a week in Boston at the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East (HMANE), studying the ASOR Syrian Survey material. The focus of the research trip was to study the ceramic assemblage collected as part of the 1970s ASOR Syrian Survey (ASS) project by the late James Sauer. This research forms part of a larger project, the ‘Land Behind Aleppo’ (LBA) project, which aims to investigate the Bronze Age history of Aleppo, specifically during the time of the powerful Middle Bronze Age (MBA) kingdom of Yamkhad (Aleppo). It employs legacy ceramic assemblages collected by James Sauer, as part of his ASOR Syrian Survey. This will be combined with the late John Matthers’ River Qoueiq survey project materials, now housed at the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. The ‘Land Behind Aleppo’ project aims to investigate Aleppo’s Bronze Age history through a ceramic proxy study of the central city’s changing pattern of relationships with its hinterland settlements over the course of the Bronze and Iron Ages, aiming to bracket the period of greatest prominence (the MBA: 2000-1500 BCE) and evaluating the changing fortunes of Aleppo down the ages. As fieldwork in the region of Aleppo in the near future is unlikely, this research is a necessary precursor and eventual supplement to any future work on the central site and its region.

The Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East building.

Analysing ceramics from a number of sites in the hinterland regions of Aleppo will aim to chart the development and changing pattern of interaction between the various settlements within the polity of Yamkhad over time. Key to this study is tracking the expansion and contraction of the central state’s economic ‘footprint’. A multi-proxy analytical programme using a combination of typological approaches and scientific techniques, drawn from geochemistry, petrography, and materials science, will target select ceramic forms, chosen because they potentially inform on different aspects of contact. These well-established methods can illuminate the production and distribution of storage/transport jars associated with bulk commodity transactions such as those involving grain and oil for trade/taxation, fine tablewares for elite consumption/emulation studies, and cooking/food preparation forms indicative of local production. Together these enable us to examine and hopefully contrast what is locally, sub-regionally, and centrally produced. The resulting data informs on trade, administration, and systems of production and distribution. The ‘reach’ of the central site, and thus arguably its politico-economic power projection, will be assessed over time. The ultimate aim is to chart the ebb and flow of influence/power, and whether this is primarily elite-interaction driven, or staple-economic in form.

Holly sampling a selection of sherds from the ASS project.

The numerous boxes of ceramics from the ASOR Syrian Survey (ASS) sites were made available for this study thanks to Dr. Adam Aja, Chief Curator at the HMANE. The ASOR Syrian Survey was conducted by James Sauer from 1977-79, and studied 83 sites across Syria. The collection is large and multi-period in scope, now stored in 24 boxes in the HMANE. Only sites with materials from the Bronze and Iron Ages were studied as part of this research project. The aim during this visit to the HMANE was to gather ceramics from the Aleppo Sector of the ASS collection, as time was limited. In total, I was able to sample 11 sites in three days, focussing on sites closest to Aleppo. Before sampling, each site assemblage was reviewed, and then a selection of sherds were chosen for sampling. The choice of which sherds to sample was based on a pre-established typology, although size of sherd and appropriateness for sampling were considerations. Each sherd was given a project number (LBA#), described and sketched before sampling. It was then photographed with site identifiers and a second time on both obverse and reverse surfaces, and occasionally the profile. Approximately a half cm size was snipped from the sherd at a location that would not impact future drawing of the sherd (mostly from the shortest profile side). A total of 175 sherds were sampled during this visit to the HMANE, and it is hoped that petrography and neutron-activation analysis will be able to be conducted on these samples in the near future.

Fragment of a Middle Bronze Age tall narrow-necked jar from the site of Atareb, sampled as LBA118.

The ASS material will offer insights into the social and economic history of a region where little is currently known, in the hope that results pertaining to the pre-eminent MBA kingdom of Yamkhad can be generalized across the Levant, and perhaps further afield. It also exploits an important legacy database that has been unstudied for nearly 50 years, giving promise of shedding light on one of the main drivers of Syrian urban life in the MBA and beyond–Aleppo.

Seger Grant Report: Survey at Tell ‘Arna

2024 Seger Grant Report: Paths to Urban Growth in the Nineveh Plain: Survey at Tell ‘Arna

Khaled Abu Jayyab, University of Toronto

The Paths to Urban Growth in the Nineveh Plain project (PUG) established in 2023 aims to understand proto-urban developments and population aggregation that took place in northern Iraq during late prehistory. The efforts of this project include exploring past assumptions about trajectories towards complexity through targeted excavations at Tepe Gawra and Tell ‘Arna, and carrying out a regional survey in collaboration with our partners at the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH).

Work at Tell ‘Arna, facilitated in part by the generous contribution of ASOR’s Joe D. Seger Project Grant, allowed for a team from the University of Toronto led by Khaled Abu Jayyab in collaboration with the Mosul office of the State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH) to carry out a systematic survey of Tell ‘Arna located in the eastern Mosul Suburb of Gogjeli (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Location of Tell Arna on the eastern edge of the city of Mosul, northern Iraq.
Figure 1: Location of Tell Arna on the eastern edge of the city of Mosul, northern Iraq.

Survey work at the site proved to be an important step towards establishing an accurate periodization of the site and streamlining our approach to future excavations, protection, and conservation work at Tell ‘Arna.

Our methodological approach consisted of combining remote sensing data with field walking in order to obtain a complete picture of the cultural and physical surroundings of the site. Prior to our work in the field, we explored the landscape around the site using satellite imagery (Corona, Hexagon, and Landsat) to document any changes that took place at the site between the late 1960’s and present day. In the field, we carried out a UAV (drone) survey of the site in order to obtain a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and render a 3D model of the site and its surroundings (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Orthophoto of Tell ‘Arna (left), DEM and contour map of the site (right).
Figure 2: Orthophoto of Tell ‘Arna (left), DEM and contour map of the site (right).

This was an important initial step that aimed to create an accurate plan of the site and to document its present condition, and assess any possible future conservation threats. Our second step was to establish a 20×20 m collection grid around the site as a guide for systematic surface collection that allowed us to explore the distribution of materials from each period as a proxy for settlement extent (Fig. 3).

Figure 3: Survey collection units at Tell ‘Arna.
Figure 3: Survey collection units at Tell ‘Arna.

The survey work had two important aspects to it. First, from the overall scientific questions PUG has been trying to address, Tell ‘Arna produced an occupation sequence that complements that of our other site Tepe Gawra. Whereas the earliest occupation at Tepe Gawra seems to begin from the late Halaf period (5500 BC), occupation at Tell ‘Arna dates back as early as the Neolithic Hassuna period (6200-6000 BC) and continues into the Late Chalcolithic 2 (LC2) period (4200-3900 BC). Similar to what we see at Tepe Gawra (see Abu Jayyab et al. 2024), growth and expansion of Tell ‘Arna takes place during the LC2 where the settlement appears to have doubled in size (Fig. 4). This suggest that nucleation and the formation of aggregated settlements was not unique to Tepe Gawra, but was taking place across the Nineveh Plain, albeit at different scales. Through future excavations we can begin to address the actual scale of aggregation at these sites and how said aggregation may have engendered structural transformations at them.

Figure 4: distribution of materials (red squares) and estimated site size during the different periods of occupation of Tell ‘Arna.
Figure 4: distribution of materials (red squares) and estimated site size during the different periods of occupation of Tell ‘Arna.

While the mission was primarily meant to be a reconnaissance mission for determining future scientific excavation plans, a second more significant aspect of our documentation has led the PUG team to rethink its priorities. Tell ‘Arna falls in the area of Gogjeli which historically has been an area of open farmland and pasture. With the expansion of the city of Mosul over the past two decades the area here has been slowly engulfed by the city (Fig. 5).

Figure 5: Satellite imagery showing the stages of urban expansion in Gogjeli.
Figure 5: Satellite imagery showing the stages of urban expansion in Gogjeli.

This process has accelerated since with the takeover of the city by ISIS and the subsequent state of disorder and population displacement. Today, as a result, Tell ‘Arna is located in an ever expanding slum where we see the intersection of farmland, factories, and illegal housing encroaching on the site (Fig. 6). Ironically, the project set out to explore the origins of urbanism in the Nineveh Plain and now we can observe rapid urban expansion in real time and its consequences, especially with regards to its impact on cultural heritage.

Figure 6: Digitized urban elements impacting the site of Tell ‘Arna.
Figure 6: Digitized urban elements impacting the site of Tell ‘Arna.

Slums could be defined as “an overcrowded residential urban area characterized by below standard housing, poor basic services and squalor” (Habitat for Humanity). The conditions around Tell ‘Arna fit that definition as the housing is not part of a zoning plan by the municipality where with the absence of services such as drainage and electricity (electricity is provided through private generators–a common business in Iraq due to the poor infrastructure). While construction of new illegal houses seemed to have stopped, the existing ones are increasingly being choked by industrial buildings and massive storage hangars, with more being built every day (Fig. 7). All these construction activities have been systematically damaging the site, bit by bit. The damage includes bulldozing portions of the site and exposing archaeological remains (Figs. 7-8), cutting a sewage canal through the site (Fig. 8), and increased dumping of household refuse on the site (Fig. 8).

Figure 7: An industrial hangar being constructed during our survey in October and November of 2024.
Figure 7: An industrial hangar being constructed during our survey in October and November of 2024.
Figure 8: Photos from Tell ‘Arna documenting part of the damage at the site including bulldozing of the southwest corner of the site, refuse discard on the site, and cutting a sewage drain through the site.
Figure 8: Photos from Tell ‘Arna documenting part of the damage at the site including bulldozing of the southwest corner of the site, refuse discard on the site, and cutting a sewage drain through the site.

On a more positive note, participation of two University of Toronto students in the work at Tell ‘Arna has opened up new opportunities for them to refine their skills in archaeological survey, material analysis, and leadership. Moreover, we also nurtured deeper collaborations with local stakeholders and members of the local SBAH office in Mosul, through collaboration on field work and opening up conversations with the local community.

Most significantly, work at Tell ‘Arna has shaped our future approach and allowed us to develop a tailored approach to the site in upcoming seasons. While this work started as an exploratory expedition, it has transformed into one that aims to address the threats to the cultural heritage as a point of departure.

Parallel to understanding trajectories towards complexity in the Nineveh Plain, we are developing an approach that preserves the site initially by constructing a fence that prevents the urban push onto the site. Of course, this is not enough as we see that cultural heritage should not alienate the local inhabitants, but on the contrary should, in our opinion, generate a sense of ownership and pride. Accordingly, we see the potential of weaving the site into the fabric of this emergent community of Gogjeli by establishing a park, around the site that includes walkways, educational signs, benches, playground, and a mini-football field to accommodate the local inhabitants of the neighborhood. Through these steps we aim to provide the local inhabitants with a sense of ownership of the space without creating the alienating impact that usually surrounds cultural heritage projects (see Isakhan and Meskell 2019). By converting the area into a usable and functional space for the inhabitants we hope that it would become a place that has value for them and one that they respect and take care of. We also hope it becomes a place that may stimulate their curiosity and one which they can engage with intellectually.

Figure 9: Members of the Tell 'Arna survey project Khaled Abu Jayyab, Clemens Reichel and Rasha Alendari at the Shamash Gate, Nineveh.
Figure 9: Members of the Tell 'Arna survey project Khaled Abu Jayyab, Clemens Reichel and Rasha Alendari at the Shamash Gate, Nineveh.

References cited

Abu Jayyab, K. Schwartz, I. Al-Hussainy, A. Batiuk, S. Glasser, A. & Hadi H. 2024 “The Tepe Gawra Lower Town Survey 2022, Iraq.” Bulletin of the American School of Overseas Research, Bulletin of the American Society for Overseas Research, BASOR vol. 392: 55-82.

Habitat for Humanity Urbanisation and the Rise of Slum Housing: https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/urbanisation-slum-housing/

Isakhan, B. and Meskell, L. 2019 “UNESCO’s Project to ‘Revive the Spirit of Mosul’: Iraqi and Syrian Opinion on Heritage Reconstruction After the Islamic State.” International Journal of Heritage Studies: 1-16.