An Archaeological Survey of the Iraqi Western Desert
Dr. Jaafar Jotheri, Department of Archaeology, University of Al-Qadisiyah
The Iraqi Western Desert has finally been archaeologically surveyed. For decades, this part of Iraq was ignored by both local and international archaeologists. Most Iraqi and international projects focus on Mesopotamia’s floodplain, steppe, and mountains, but not its western desert. One side effect of this project, funded by an ASOR Mesopotamian Fellowship, is that the Iraqi Western Desert is now attracting more local and international researchers. Local postgraduate students have started to take archaeological projects in this area for their theses, and scholars have begun visiting the desert for potential future research projects. More importantly, the Iraqi Official Heritage Authorities have started to create new records and databases for the archaeological sites in this part of Iraq. This project has put the archaeology of this desert in the spotlight and sparked much interest in future research. The dissemination of every step of this project has helped other stakeholders follow its progress and wait with interest for its outcome.
The combination of research methods this project followed has benefited the Iraqi university students and staff. For example, 16 Iraqi students (from Al-Qadisiyah, Kufa, and ThiQar Universities) have been trained in the techniques of remote sensing and GIS to identify more archaeological sites in the desert. We managed to locate and map more than 300 potential sites (enclosures, pendants, and tombs-graves-burials) in the desert using systematic and inclusive remote-sensing surveys.
After completing the office work, we conducted fieldwork, which consisted of ten trips, each to a different part of the desert. Locations were selected based on the remote sensing results. We took five students for fieldwork training that involved identifying the sites that had already been mapped, drawing sketches of the sites, collecting lithics, taking photos, and using drone images. More than 500 lithic samples have been collected, classified, and photographed. These samples will be studied more in the university lab as they show a mix of ages from Palaeolithic to Neolithic. We used two 4×4 cars to travel in the desert, and we were accompanied by guides from the local Bedouin people who knew the roads well. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) samples were collected from the sediments under the rocks of clusters of enclosures to determine the age of construction of these features. These samples are on their way to the OSL lab. We were lucky to have Dr. Stefan Smith from the University of Helsinki and Dr. Ella Egberts from the University of Leicester with us on two field trips to the desert.
Figures 10 and 11: Some ceramics and lithics collected during fieldwork.
Although the results have not been finalized yet, I delivered three talks about the preliminary findings of this project at international conferences. The first was entitled “What Archaeology and Heritage do we have in the Iraqi Western Desert?” at the British Association of the Near Eastern Archaeology conference January 3–5 in Glasgow. The second paper, “The Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Water Springs in the Iraqi Desert,” was part of an online workshop on bioarchaeology in Mesopotamia at Kiel University, Germany. The third was “Archaeological Features from the Iraqi Western Desert,” which was delivered in person at the 5th International Scientific Conference of the Mesopotamian Archaeology held on March 6th at the University of Al-Qadisiyah. A portion of the results are being prepared for publication in an international journal, and more will be published in a local Iraqi journal. I also submitted an abstract to the ASOR annual conference that will be held this November, which I plan to attend in person.
Veronica Morriss earned a PhD in Islamic Archaeology from the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago. She is a maritime archaeologist, and her research focuses on the development of the Islamic/Byzantine maritime frontier of Syria-Palestine and the cross-cultural interactions that characterized the Eastern Mediterranean and its shores during the Early Islamic Period. She co-manages a digital archaeology company with her husband in Hawaii, and when she is not in the field, she writes fantasy romance novels.
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“This July I was fortunate enough to travel to Israel for the first time and participate in the archaeological dig at Tel Abel Beth Maacah, near Metula in Galilee, and it was an unforgettable experience. As an Old Testament student much of my time is focused on the literary and linguistic areas of biblical studies, but on the recommendation from one of my professors I applied to be a participant in the excavation at ABM. This experience, although brief, has given me a practical perspective on my current academic endeavors. Thank you to ASOR and the scholarship donors who made this trip possible.”
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Hania Kantzer is a sophomore at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studying chemistry and Asian studies. This past summer, she was a grateful recipient of the Stevan B. Dana Fieldwork Scholarship through ASOR, and was able to work as a student researcher on the Huqoq Excavation Project.
“As an archaeology student, my education is all about developing my archaeological understandings and perfecting my craft. This is why we all go to school. But there is just something so special and amazing about the moments in our educational journeys when what we have worked to learn evolves from mere theory to applied practice.”
“I can’t say that I didn’t expect how talented, hardworking, and experienced the professors I worked under were; the knowledge they imparted to us students was extraordinary just like their CVs would tell you. What I did not expect was the level of personal support and kindness they extended. I will never forget how these experts at the top of their field still made time to guide me, an undergraduate fresh out of my first year in college. They didn’t just lead by example; they also provided invaluable mentorship. Months later, I am still brushing off the dust from my work clothes, yet what remains even more vividly from this experience than the dust on my belongings or the treasured trowel displayed on my shelf are the wonderful memories of my first adventure in archaeology!”
“This July I was fortunate enough to travel to Israel for the first time and participate in the archaeological dig at Tel Abel Beth Maacah, near Metula in Galilee, and it was an unforgettable experience. As an Old Testament student much of my time is focused on the literary and linguistic areas of biblical studies, but on the recommendation from one of my professors I applied to be a participant in the excavation at ABM. This experience, although brief, has given me a practical perspective on my current academic endeavors. Thank you to ASOR and the scholarship donors who made this trip possible.”
“One of my favorite things about archaeology is being part of a community forged through hard work, friendship, collegiality and mutual support. There is almost no better feeling than being covered in mud from head to toe, exhausted, hot, thirsty and hungry and yet somehow finding the energy for a race to the car for the best seat for the ride home while laughing all the way. Being part of this kind of family–a chosen family some might say–is a real privilege and one I look forward to every year.”
“In addition to all of the fieldwork, spending time with all of the individuals with the same passion for archaeology was amazing. I will have future colleagues and friends for life.”